Electroplating Process

Cylinder Coating

2012-01-07T16:57:00.000-08:00

Cylinder can be coated by special electroplating tools. The current needed for this coating should be high enough in order can work coat to all the surface of cylinder block. Variety cylinder car engine block usually coated separately with other separate part that need of precise size like bore dimensions. To handle this special job, it should be experience in engineering and plating a wide range

Electroplating Industry

2012-01-05T14:28:00.000-08:00

The main problem on electroplating industries are how to control and prevent their waste that produce together with their product. Several components are dissolved on the solution and should be discharge because can’t use anymore as plating materials. The soluble material mostly include on hazardous waste and should be control in proper manner, or must use right waste treatment. Beside liquid

Electroplating Equipments

2011-12-30T21:25:00.000-08:00

One the most important on electroplating practice should use perfect electroplating equipments. If just use a conventional equipment, it very hard to get good plating result. Electroplating equipment should designed adapted prototype facilities to the parts size, result condition and chemical condition will be used on electroplating process. There are some electroplating equipment for certain

Zinc Electroplating

2011-12-06T16:38:00.000-08:00

Zinc electroplating is another process to make metal coated by zinc, this process is not made in big scale because more complex compared with other usual process done in industry like Zinc Immersion. For certain process that need special specification may use other kind process beside use zinc immersion. In industrial application this process more simple compare by zinc electroplating because can

Gold Decorative Plating

2011-11-25T04:20:00.000-08:00

Gold plating often use for decorative purpose, to make the appliance more interest or to make some goods more durable to environmental. Gold plating also available in several colors or types such as type coating with 22ct it is mean that this as hard gold because on plating use mixed gold with other metal such as copper. This color more match with brass fittings and is known as antique gold.

Electro Cleaning Work

2011-11-06T05:38:00.000-08:00

The purpose of this vital step is to remove surface contaminant of various types which would otherwise prevent proper adhesion of metal plating to the surface and/or cause the finish obtained by electroplating to lift oft completely. The required mechanical surface preparation is needed such as machining, grinding, sanding and buffing, the metal may look perfectly clean but it isn't, to see the

Chromium and Cadmium Plating Waste Treatment

2011-10-28T17:29:00.000-07:00

Iron oxide coated sand was found unsuitable for removal of chromium from a mixed oxidation state chromium plating waste but it promising for one step removal of cadmium and cyanide from cadmium plating waste. The problem on electroplating treatment is the difficulties on removal or recovery of heavy metal from metal plating waste. The conventional waste treatment method usually use

Bright Chromium Plating Production

2011-10-09T01:07:00.000-07:00

Bright chrome plating often become the goal of every practicing of chromium plating, but often the fail happen on the process of bright plating practice. If we just buy product we may just be able to select the good quality on the plating thickness of plating products. We should look to practitioners that have success on their trial. Industrial products often have good quality because they use

Gold and Copper Plating Kits

2011-09-19T16:58:00.000-07:00

Gold plating kit contain to make beautiful craft items including the power supply. All we need is one pint of automotive battery acid (available from most automotive parts stores), an airbrush, some distilled water and a few other odds and ends. 5 Amp power supply will copper plate items up to 50 inch2 area. The step to plate any organic parts are as follows: Dip the part in the sealer solution

Chromium Plating Waste Treatment

2011-08-27T05:28:00.000-07:00

Chromium Plating Waste contain of hexavalent chrome waste that dissolve on waste water. Wastewater then treat by final slurry that mix among chrome and little bit of organic fibers. Hexavalent of chromium acid have pH = 2 this low pH can be neutralize by sodium sulfite. The chromium substance then floculate and can be prcipitated by adding NaOH until the pH about 8.5. This pH already fulfill the

Electroless Copper

2011-08-03T06:56:00.000-07:00

Electroless copper is a coating process of copper with no electrical involved on this coating method. Electroless has been applied for coating to metal and non metal materials, but operator often exposed to formaldehyde and difficult to remove waste stream of this process, so they often seek other alternative of better process. The deficiency of this process is as follows: Use of formaldehyde as

Creating Home Plating Basics

2011-07-08T10:08:00.000-07:00

If gold to plate chrome, it is not in the metallurgical sense. You don’t have a gold mine, is there a visible alternative? There are numerous options, and the neat thing is that for less than what any spend on one bike alone, you’ll be able to put the shine back into rusty old parts yourself and have lots left over for future projects. Having been down the home plating road several times before

Hot Copper Plating

2011-06-25T18:03:00.000-07:00

Electroplating usually use to cover some metal with many purposes. The kind that may plate over it such as chromium, copper, gold, silver, nickel or zinc. The useful of electroplating can use for decorative or to protect metal beneath it. The safety equipment should be use when work on electroplating workshop such as goggle glass, rubber hand glove, and respiratory filter. Wash hand with soap

Cleaner Production of Electroplating

2011-05-28T21:07:00.000-07:00

The program of Environmental Department is cleaner production for all industry in their government. This can be difficult especially for industries that use many chemicals for their production process. The main propose of this program is to produce product without any pollutant expose to the environmental. The available check on this matter just can be prevented and evaluate just on the solid and

Electrochemical Cells

2011-05-14T17:32:00.000-07:00

The example of electrochemical cell is Daniell cell, this cell structure was composed by Frederic Daniell, so the name of this cell is refer to that name, the British chemist who invented it in 1836. The principle reaction occur on this cell is a galvanic or voltaic cell reaction that produce electricity. On the Daniell reaction there are reduction reaction and oxidation reaction, that apply on

Cracked on Plating Deposit

2011-04-16T19:26:00.000-07:00

Cracking after plating on chrome plating often happened, this because of many reason. To make a metal can prevent to corrosion resistance afforded by thicker decorative chromium deposits was made by the introduction of "duplex" or "dual" chromium plating procedure. But more thick of the result on chromium plating there is a risk can result of cracking on the plating. The duplex chromium plate

Chromium Plating As Patent

2011-03-07T05:27:00.000-08:00

A plating bath for electroplating various metals with chromium, consisting essentially of the composition resulting from the combination of 100-1600 g/l of chromium trioxide and one or more of the following: 0.3-15 weight % Cl or Cl.sup.- based on the chromium trioxide, and 0.5-10 weight % I or I.sup.- based on the chromium trioxide. A plating bath in accordance with claim 1 in which no sulfate

Chrome Plating On Plastic

2011-02-17T15:01:00.000-08:00

We often see and use plastic product with chrome plating on it, but this is actually more complex process than metal. Plastic itself can't directly plating with many kind of metal, either chromium plating or nickel plating, but to make plastic more artistic people modified this product with many kind of experiment. To make the plastic can be plated with chrome or nickel, the plastic surface

Chrome is a Pollutant

2011-01-30T06:56:00.000-08:00

Chromium in certain compound molecule have carcinogen properties. In a chrome electroplating industry, that usually use chromic acid, people can't prevent the reaction just produce chrome molecule, on the reaction will result many kind of chromium compound that some of them have carcinogenic properties to human. Long term exposure of workers to airborne levels of chromium higher than those in the

Electroplating Project

2011-01-13T07:06:00.000-08:00

To practice a project of electroplating, has purpose to make some metal can pretend long in environmental exposure, especially in corrosive air like in industrial environment that usually emit many of corrosive gas to metal. Iron and brass usually widely and available metal, to initiate this project that much consume in manufacture industry. The advantage of this metal to be the metal base on

Chromium As Heavy Metal

2010-12-21T15:52:00.000-08:00

http://electroplating-process.blogspot.com/2009/06/thin-plating.htmlPollution control on electroplating process industry that use chromic acid as raw material should be intended because chromium include of heavy metal that dangerous for human being and other creature and can broken the environmental. Other kind of heavy metals pollution among autoworkers such as Cadmium, chromium, copper, iron,

Good Electroplating Producers

2010-11-21T03:00:00.000-08:00

Top producer have almost these criteria when they are working. Always assume that customers are valuable commodity, you should invest yourself and going to go through the whole thing of below. Be accountable The third one is to have a good, solid work ethic. Top producers invest in some sort of personal or business coaching and they can get a coach just for one a day, one time. Coaches and

Example of Electroplating Products

2010-10-23T17:56:00.000-07:00

Chrome Plating can be implemented to many products. The product that are resulted from this process like on many accessories, car wheel to place car tire, car handle, bicycle wheel, door handle, reflector and many plastics product that accomplishes with this process. Every product may use different process parameter to result suitable product. Sometime use chromium electroplating process, may

Current Efficiency

2010-08-20T00:22:00.001-07:00

Current efficiency on chromium plating as draw on the graph above. Lead anodes, insoluble in chromic acid solution, are almost always used in chromium plating from chromic acid bath. Current velocity is depend on the anode cleaned, if anode have covered with impurities chemical can affected to the current velocity and then effect to the current efficiency itself. After use this lead then formed

Special Types of Chromium Plating

2010-08-06T02:17:00.001-07:00

A frosty or satin-finish plate in between cold chromium and bright plate was found desirable for press plates. Such smooth bubbly air or natural rounded nodular plate has been found useful for handling textile materials. Bu use of a special cold chromium plate can produced in refrigerated electrolytes for printing plates. Other experiments can obtained a black color on chromium deposits by

Tank For Chromium Plating

2010-07-13T00:22:00.001-07:00

Have many years chromium plating were used of lead lined steel. Antimony lead lining have bee used widely to resist from corrosion in chromic acid solution that is greater from chemical lead. Tin-lead lining are superior to anitomonial lead in corrosion resistance. Other typical of lining which have proven can give a satisfactory service consist of flexible synthetic resin sheets (plasticized

Effect of Metal Impurities to Electroplating

2010-07-06T23:26:00.000-07:00

Metal that is converted into ion in the solution of electroplating bath can effect to the electroplating result. By effect of chemicals on the electroplating bath and by some electric current that flow through the solution can make the metal dissolved on the solution and change to metal ion. Metal that dissolved in the solution called as Cation. Cation that may contain in the chromium plating

Physical Properties of Chromium Plating

2010-06-27T20:17:00.001-07:00

Hardness and Wear Resistance Hardness and wear resistance of chromium deposits are generally quite good in service, as long as satisfactory thickness is applied for the intended use and for best coordinates with the hardness for the basic metal and the pressures encountered. Frequently service is at elevated temperatures and same of the as plated hardness is lost. On the other hand, relatively

Reference of Electroplating Process

2010-06-10T21:20:00.001-07:00

If you need more reference of the Electroplating Process, you can learn from the list of references below: 1. W.H. Safrenek. F.B. Dahle, and C.L. Faust, Plating, 35, 39 – 1945, “Application of Nickel”, Materials Advisory Board, National Research Council Publ. MAB-245, Washington, D.C., Dee, 1968, reprinted on March 1968.2. G. Dubpernell, Plating, 46, 599 (1959)3. I. Adams, Trans,

Hardness Chrome Plating Recommended

2010-06-10T20:40:00.001-07:00

Hard Chrome Plating to materials is proposed to high shear between plated materials and other material close to. Hard chrome can use either to avoid of plating damage when use or to avoid of high shear between materials. Hard chrome is applied to materials that always shear each others like on piston and hydraulic axe. Sometime certain materials are not just need of hard plating but must have

The Uses of Chromic Acid

2010-05-30T08:50:00.000-07:00

Chromic acid have many used in industry and in laboratories. Chromic acid is used in industry as chrome plating materials and in the manufacture of wood preservatives. In laboratories this chemicals usually used as glass cleaning agent. Chromic acid have red-brown color but after convert by electroplating process change to white color and can be brightened. Chromic acid grade CA Ultra can use

Electroplating Course

2010-04-06T23:36:00.000-07:00

To learn of chrome plating and nickel plating are better if directly by doing. It is mean you must follow the course on the plating workshop. To learn electroplating is difficult if just from article like on this blog, you had better practice directly on small workshop. From this workshop, you can learn faster than just reading and see the equipment just on the picture. Because electroplating is

Throwing Power on Nickel Electroplating

2010-03-30T16:12:00.000-07:00

Plating speed generally on electroplating such as on chromium plating and on nickel plating will increase in increasing the current density, this can be seen on the drawing below the relationship between current density and plating speed. Throwing POWER and covering power of chromium plating baths are poor compared with copper on nickel plating bath. The conductivity is high but is reduced by

Electroplating and Corrosion

2010-03-24T01:42:00.000-07:00

The problem on electroplating is corrosion on the part of electroplating tools. Besides using of high corrosive chemicals for electroplating like chromic acid and sulfuric acid, electric current effect also can cause of corrosion problem. Electric current can make faster of corrosion problem. Some tool industry has developed state-of-the art simulation tools for analyzing and optimizing

How to Plate Chrome on Plastic

2010-03-02T18:06:00.000-08:00

Basically every part can be plate with chrome, even though sometime more difficult than plating on metal. Plating on plastic becomes difficult because chrome electroplating sometime produce heat and may effect to plastic to deform. The difficulties chrome on plastic is how to regulate the temperature and current flow in order to have a good result of chrome electroplating. Of course we can’t

How does Electroplating Work

2010-02-24T23:52:00.000-08:00

Electroplating can work just because of metal dissolved on certain solution. On the solution metal characteristic is different with the original properties that hard and strong. This can similar with magnet work that can pull other metal because of magnetic properties available on that metal. But not all metal have magnetic properties or can be pulled by magnet, many other kind of metal don’t

Chromium Plating Operating Condition Range

2010-02-12T07:10:00.000-08:00

Chromium Plating operation condition graph can see as below: On this graph semi dashed line A circumscribes the bright plate area for solution containing 250 g/l CrCO3, and the dashes line B circumscribes a bright plate area for a solution containing about 400 g/l. The complete bright plating area circumscribe by the line X is typical of the behavior of most chromium plating baths. Thus to

Hard Chrome Plating Application

2010-01-14T22:53:00.000-08:00

Hard Chromium use in many application. Because metal with hard chrome cover will result a good properties metal, resit to corrosion and harder metal surface. To get the result of hard chromium need many prepartion that should fullful the conditions, more detail of this condition can see on my blog last time. How it can happen can be seen on my articles below: Hard Chrome Plating Uses Problem on

Electroplating Experiment

2010-01-06T21:06:00.000-08:00

To do an experiment of electroplating really for fun, because we can see the result directly and feel amazing after see the chemical reaction effect of electroplating or the result of experiment. To see the result of electroplating experiment actually just need a few second, but to prepare this experiment we need long time. Include in preparing the chemicals and preparing the electroplating tools

Metal Coating Applications

2009-12-21T19:08:00.000-08:00

Metal coating are applied in automotive area and motorcycle like on car accessories and parts of car like window handle, dashboard handle, and in many button. This coating is also apply on radio button, and other accessories parts that completed view of car. Large vehicle parts can be coated in manual varnishing cabins. Metal coating in medicine engineering is also use to coats many appliances

Nickel Electroplating Problem

2009-12-10T19:32:00.000-08:00

Ask: I am currently doing an investigation on Nickel electroplating in school. I am having problems as every time I try to electroplate onto a Copper sheet I always get a layer of Nickel(II) Oxide and no Nickel metal. I have tried using different current densities and concentration of substrate solution ( Nickel Chloride). However, I have found out that when I use Ammonium Nickel Sulfate I get a

Electroplating Tools

2009-11-24T18:51:00.000-08:00

A tool for electroplating is a portion of the surface of each of a plurality of holes, and a second plate having a plurality of retaining elements. As like on a drawing each of the holes is configured to receive a piece that is to be electroplated, and to mask a portion of the surface and expose another portion of the surface of the piece. The first and the second plates are held together, and a

Electroplating Home Industry

2009-11-14T00:00:00.000-08:00

More knowledge about Electroplating on:Electroplating of Other MetalsElectroplating of AlloyElectroplating Operation and ControlElectroplating ConditionElectroplating ProblemElectroplating industry also been done in home industry, they do for many job with a limited knowledge of electroplating. Usually they do the process by just their experience, they even don't know what kind of chemical use,

Problem on Hard Chrome Plating

2009-11-01T23:55:00.000-08:00

Pollution problem on electroplating process become general problem encountered by electroplating industry. The other problem of electroplating process is especially for hard chrome electroplating. The problem showed that the high surface tension was greatest up to 22 dynes/cm.By adding some surfactant solution to electroplating baths this tension can yield considerable lower surface tension. This

Chrome Plating Equipment

2009-10-03T18:44:00.000-07:00

The equipment needed in the process of chrome plating is similar with other kind of electroplating. The different may on the metal base for electrode use as anode. Because the different process of electroplating may need different qualified anode to get the best result of electroplating. As have describe on the article last time, anode use for chrome electroplating is lead. Because lead is not

Hard Chrome Plating Uses

2009-09-15T08:50:00.000-07:00

Hard chrome plating is used in many application in industry. Many tools use in Industry and in service maintenance also plate with hard chrome like on screw driver and in other service maintenance tools. Hard Chrome plating also apply on a piston cylinder such as in hydraulic mechanic system.After chromium plating process then Chromium metal is deposited on metallic surfaces submerged in a

Suzuki Skywave with Gold Plating on Wheel Rim

2009-08-27T02:56:00.000-07:00

This Suzuki sky wave 2009 is a usual motorcycle, but after some modification on this motorcycle then look different with others. Normally this motorcycle is no special, after modifies on the wheel trim and on the shock breaker this motor look special.Wheel rim by the diameter of 4 x 14 inch of the front and 5,5 x 14 inch of back side are plated with gold, that gold color is not from golden paint

Satin Finishing of Nickel Plating

2009-08-17T01:49:00.000-07:00

Satin nickel finishes are often desired, and traditionally have been obtained by mechanically scratch-brushing a nickel deposit before chromium plating. Besides the brushed or butler satin finish, there are satin like finishes obtained by blasting the plate with various types of particles. As already mentioned, hazy or satin finishes can be obtained directly from the bath by co-depositing fine

Other Electroplating Process Condition

2009-07-29T07:56:00.000-07:00

In another form of barrel plating operation, the parts lie at the bottom of an open cup-shaped tub rotatable about an axis at about 45o to the horizontal. There is a negative contact sited centrally in the base, and an anode is hung above the parts. The tub is filled with plating solution and rotated. For removal, the contents are dumped out through a sieve. Barrel plating does not produce such

Electroplating Operation and Control

2009-07-18T09:30:00.000-07:00

It will be clear from the foregoing that in its simplest form an electroplating plant consists of degreasing, etching and rinsing tanks, separate plating tanks for each metal to plated, each with appropriate and adequate supply of continuous (or be directional) electric current. The articles to be plated are fastened to wires or suspension jigs, and these are then lifted intro and out of the

Electroplating of Alloys

2009-07-08T08:14:00.000-07:00

Electroplating of alloys sometime difficult to plate because its composed from different other metals. By using two or more metals can, with some difficulty, be electroplated simultaneously to give a mixed metal coating. The properties and appearance of such a mixture are, however, often different from that of the metallurgical alloy, which, having been melted, has come into metallurgical

Electroplating of Other Metals

2009-06-28T16:36:00.000-07:00

Magnesium and aluminum cannot be format as coatings by electroplating from aqueous solutions as they are too basic. Most other metals in common use can be electroplated, but their industrial demand is limited except for the metals already mentioned.Lead is sometimes plated onto chemical plant or for special purpose bearings. Indium is plated onto the lead bearings. A fluoborate solution is used

Tin Plating Bath

2009-06-21T06:01:00.000-07:00

Acid solutions of tin (stannous) sulfate or flouborate can be electroplated at very high current densities, but the deposit is rather coarsely crystalline unless complex organic brightening additions are used, e.g. cresol sulfonic acid or ß-naphtol and gelatin. The control of this type of solution is rather exacting, and the covering and throwing power are poor.These disadvantages make the acid

Tin Plating

2009-06-07T11:10:00.000-07:00

Tin is a very white metal with high reflective in the polished or freshly solidified condition. It has high resistance to corrosion especially against fruit acids, milk products and other foodstuffs, and is not attacked by sulfur compounds. Its salts are not poisonous. The metal is soft, easily melted and readily soft soldered. It is thus ideally suited as a coating metal for steel and copper

Zinc and Cadmium Electroplating

2009-05-26T19:15:00.000-07:00

Zinc and cadmium are also plated from double cyanide baths. There is less difficulty in dissolving the anodes and it assists if the solution is alkaline, so that caustic soda is often added, or formed automatically by using the metal oxide and more cyanide. The purpose for which these metals are electroplated is almost always to protect iron and steel from rust. They are not usually polished

Copper Plating From Cyanide Solutions

2009-05-17T16:37:00.001-07:00

Copper plating is most commonly achieved using a double cyanide solution, because the acid sulfate solution can not e utilize on steel or on zinc base articles.Copper plating is wisdom used alone are alone as a protective or decorative plating since it readily mature. It strongly accelerates the corrosion of steel and most other basis metals, when they are exposed at pores or sites of mechanical

Gilding or Gold Plating

2009-04-26T10:06:00.001-07:00

Gold plating or gilding is also one of the eldest electroplating processes. A double cyanide type bath is used, but to reduce the capital investment this is usually extremely dilute. The consequent limitation on the maximum permissible current density and on the rate of plating is not important since the usual deposit is very thin, and is indeed often limited to that which gives the required

Silver Plating Result

2009-04-19T03:55:00.000-07:00

Silver is, of course, a beautiful white and highly reflective metal, which is intrinsically resistance to most corrosive influence, especially to fruit acids and foodstuffs. It is, unfortunately, readily tarnished to a most disfiguring dark-brown or black sulphide by the action of hydrogen sulphide in the air or by sulphur compounds in foodstuffs. This tarnish is superficial and does not involve

Silver Coating

2009-04-14T09:30:00.000-07:00

Silver was one of the first metals to be electroplated from such solutions, and the electroplating industry was thus founded in the 1840s. A great incentive to its development was the ability thereby to provide an attractive appearance and the hygienic handling of foodstuffs without the expense of making a whole article out of the costly metal. For some decades prior to the introduction of

Cyanide Solution

2009-04-11T01:35:00.001-07:00

The basic formulation for all these baths therefore includes the metal cyanide salt and enough sodium cyanide to form the double salt, together with some excess or free sodium cyanide to assist in dissolution of the metal at the anode. Other salts such as sodium carbonate or nitrate are also often present to increase the electrical conductivity of the solution. At one time potassium cyanide was

Electroplating of Silver, Gold, Copper, Zinc and Cadmium

2009-04-02T08:08:00.000-07:00

It is convenient to deal with the electroplating of all the above metals together, because the same type of solution is used in each case, viz, the double cyanide solution. Cyanides are the salts of the very weak hydrocyanic acid (prussic acid). The cyanides of sodium and potassium are soluble in water, but the cyanides of the heavy metals are insoluble; nevertheless these insoluble cyanides

Zincate Plating Process

2009-03-26T02:00:00.002-07:00

RackingRacks should have type 304 or 430 stainless steel or phosphor bronze tips and be coated with vinyl plastisol. Good plating practice requires good rack maintenance. Rack tips should be kept free of electroplated buildup and damaged plastisol should be repaired.CleaningUsually soak cleaning and cathode cleaning in alkaline solution are required.ActivationThe solution is used to remove any

Electroplating on Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys

2009-03-19T00:37:00.001-07:00

Metals are plated on magnesium for solderability; r.f grounding, hermatic sealing, wear resistance, corrosion protection, appearance, electrical conductivity, and for control of radiation by absorption and emission. Magnesium is electronegative and highly reactive to wet aerated and chloride-containing environments which cause the rapid formation of an alkaline surface film. As a result of this

Electrolytic Brightening of Metal

2009-02-16T15:22:00.000-08:00

A radically different chemical immersion brightening process is available for super purity aluminum and its magnesium alloys, under the name of the Erftwerk process. This utilized a solution of nitric acid and ammonium biflouride. A minute trace of lead is also essential to the process. The solution is operated at about 60oC in hard rubber or PVC tanks. The reaction is extremely vigorous, but the

Semi Automatic Plating

2009-02-08T08:27:00.000-08:00

Experience has shown that chromium plating can be satisfactorily achieved from chromic acid solutions of any concentration provided than an amount of sulfuric acid (or equivalent sulfate) is present equivalent to about one hundredth part of the of chromic acid concentration. Beyond the limits of about 50:1 and 200:1 the solution just will not work at all. Hydrofluoric acid or flourosilicic acid

Chemical and Electrolytic Brightening of Metal

2009-01-30T17:51:00.000-08:00

Most metals can be superficially brightened by chemical or electrochemical attack in specially formulated solutions; this process is widely used for providing the final lustrous flat surface on metal objects. However, it has only achieved industrial importance in the treatment of brass, stainless steel and, particularly, aluminum. Although these processes are frequently referred to as chemical or

Anodizing Process

2009-01-24T14:14:00.001-08:00

Anodic oxidation or anodizing, is the electrochemical method of providing an artificially thickened oxide film on aluminum alloys. It is carried out by making the aluminum alloy anodic (positive) in a solution of chromic, sulfuric, oxalic or less commonly, phosphoric acid. In any of these solutions the effect of the current very soon insulate the metal and stop the current is to convert the

Baths for Bright Dipping of Metals

2009-01-05T07:14:00.001-08:00

1. Steel 25 to 30 g/l oxalic acid plus 10 to 15 g/l 100-volume hydrogen peroxide and 0.08 g/l of sulfuric acid.2. Copper and Copper Base Alloys40 to 45% (vol) sulfuric plus 20 to 25 %(vol) of nitric acid and 0.1% (vol) of hydrochloric acid at room temperature.270 g/l chromic acid at

Chemical and Electrolytic Brightening

2008-12-29T08:44:00.001-08:00

Chemical and Electrolytic Brightening of MetalMost metals can be superficially by chemical or electrochemical attack in specially formulated solutions; this process is widely used for providing the final lustrous flat surface on metal objects. However, it has only achieved industrial importance in the treatment of brass, stainless steel and, particularly, aluminum. Although these processes are

Specific Treatments to Aluminum Alloys

2008-12-21T15:45:00.000-08:00

Aluminum and its alloys owe their excellent resistance to corrosive by the atmosphere, waters, foodstuffs, etc. to an oxide film on the surface of the metal, which is very rapidly reformed when the naked metal is exposed by cutting or deformation. This film is very protective and relatively pore free, but it is very thin about one millionth of an inch. It is therefore logical to devise means of

Phosphating Step

2008-12-14T06:00:00.000-08:00

In the operation of the process, the work must first be descale and degreased, but strongly acid or strongly alkaline cleaners leave the surface in a condition which encourages a coarsely crystaline phospate deposit, so these are usually avoided. The articles are then arised and hung in the phosphating solution. As the process is non electrolytic, close spacing is possible, and small parts can be

Phosphating Process

2008-12-03T07:09:00.000-08:00

Phosphating process are used very widely in industry for three distinct purposes, for each of which a somewhat different formulation is necessary. These end uses are:Application of a simple and cheap corrosion preventative for machine and mechanical steel parts. As formed, the phosphate coating is dull matt and grey black; it is unattractive in appearance and has only slight protective properties

Phosphating

2008-11-26T01:14:00.001-08:00

There are a multitude of separate processes designed to produce thin, crystalline, adherent films of phosphates of iron the surface of steel articles; these often have an admixture of zinc and manganese phosphates. These film absorb oil readily and the oiled film confers a considerable measure of corrosion protection quite cheaply on iron and steel goods where appearance is not important.

Metal Coating with Chromium

2008-11-14T21:49:00.001-08:00

It is convenient to deal next with chromium plating because it is almost always a dirrect sequel to nickel plating, and also because the methods of chromium plating are so radically different from all other types of electroplating.Chromium is a hard, brittle, silvery-white metal, with a faint blue color, which is not otherwise used unalloyed in industry. It is important constituent of stainless

Metal Coloring Processes

2008-11-08T18:35:00.001-08:00

Although metals dull and tarnish in time, some of the patinas or surface effects so produced are considered to be visually pleasant, especially where patterns of clean and tarnished metal appear side by side due to constant handling. There is extensive literature on methods for the artificial production of other hardware. The erroneously termed oxidized finish on copper and silver articles is the

Others Non Metallic Coating

2008-11-01T07:05:00.000-07:00

The more important of non-metallic coating for metal are vitreous enamel and the various type of organic coatings such as paint, enamel and laquer. Nevertheless there are a number of other processed for producing non-metallic coatings which it is convenient to mention first, since they are either skin to electroplating processes or are preparatory to painting processes.This further process of

Hot Diffusion Processes

2008-10-24T20:15:00.001-07:00

There are a number of processes in use on a limited scale in which steel articles are coated with another metal by being heated in contact with the metal or one of its compound in the absence of air.Colorizing: This process is a means of obtaining on aluminum coating on heavy steel vessels and boxes, furnace parts and other pieces which are used in heat treatment or firing of ceramic goods, or

Electroless Plating of Nickel

2008-10-18T16:54:00.000-07:00

Metals can be recovered in metallic form from aqueous solution of their salts by means of reducing agents. Development of photographic film and the silvering of mirrors are examples of this. The more noble metals such as gold and silver are easily turned out of the combined form: the more electronegative metals require much more powerful reducing agents. It is also essential that the metal

Cathodic Cleaning

2008-10-11T19:27:00.000-07:00

Cathodic cleaning results in the liberation of hydrogen; at a given current density twice as much hydrogen is evolved as is oxygen at the anode. The cathodic cleaning is assisted by the repulsion of the negatively charged particles of dirt, in these strongly alkaline solutions most colloidal particles carry a negative charge. The negatively charged work will also attract positively charged ions

Ultrasonic Cleaning and Electrocleaning

2008-10-05T00:10:00.000-07:00

Ultrasonic CleaningThe application of energy to a cleaning solution such as an alkaline soak cleaner, a surfactant type of buffing compound remover, or a solvent, in the form of high frequency sound wave above 20,000 Hz in the inaudible range, has proved very effective for removing hard-to-remove soil from inaccessible places as crevices, blind holes, and gear teeth. Each application of

Alkaline Soak Cleaning

2008-09-27T08:24:00.000-07:00

The parts are immersed in tanks of hot alkaline cleaning solution. The concentration of the cleaning solution and the temperature should be maintained as high as is safe for the metal being cleaned in order that the time for complete cleaning may be reduced to the minimum. Agitation of the cleaning solution is desirable, because the cleaning action in soak cleaners depends on the wetting and

Hand Cleaning

2008-09-20T01:32:00.000-07:00

Hand CleaningParts that will treatment by electroplating can be cleaned by hand cleaning method. This method if the part is not even and need special treatment by hand in order the dirt on the gap sometime can not be cleaned by chemical cleaning.This method is usually resorted to when the volume of the work to be cleaned is small or the pieces are too large for easy handling in other types of

Buffing Compound Removal

2008-09-14T00:42:00.000-07:00

There are about 700 commercially available surface-active agents and it takes experience to select the proper anionic, nonionic, cathionic, or amphoteric detergent for specific metal cleaning compounds. The anionics are widely used in electrocleaning compounds. The nonionics or combinations of the nonionics with anionics have been useful in soak and spray cleaners. Some nonionics have defoaming

Other Alkaline Cleaner

2008-09-06T01:34:00.000-07:00

The phosphates are used primarily for their water softening action. Phospates also contribute to soil dispersion of peptization, efficient rinsing, and scale control. In the phosphate family are the orthophosphates, trisodium, and monosodium. Trisodium phosphate (Na3PO4. 12 H2O) is sometimes used alone as a soak or spray cleaner. Disodium phosphate is used when a cleaner needs to be

Alkaline Cleaners

2008-08-29T04:55:00.000-07:00

A good alkaline cleaning material must be soluble in water and its solution must possess superior ability to: Wet the surface of the metal being cleaned.Wet and penetrate the soil being removed.Dissolved or saponify animal and vegetable oils and greases or temporarily emulsify or suspend the insoluble or nonsaponifiable oils and solid dirt particles.Soften water to prevent formation of

Solvent Cleaners

2008-08-23T00:56:00.000-07:00

Solvent cleaners should be limited to precleaning and should be used to remove large excesses of oil and grease. Vapor degreasing tends to remove oil from solid dirt particles without always removing the solids. The dirt particles left on the surface are very hard to remove because they are now dried out, subsequent alkaline cleaning will have no effect on them. Solvents remove fats and oils,

Inorganic Cleaner

2008-08-17T08:24:00.000-07:00

The inorganic soils, which include rust and tarnish, solid particle dirt, scale, smut, and cleaning residues, are usually removed by alkaline degreasing or an acid pickle. Rust and tarnish, being insoluble be alkaline degreasing or an acidic or alkaline chelating solutions, with or without electric current. Water insoluble solid particle often adhere to oil present on the surface and are

Selection of Cleaning Materials

2008-08-14T21:49:00.000-07:00

The factors that influence the selection of cleaning materials are:1. Surface to be cleaned.2. Dirt or soil to removed.3. Degree of cleanliness required.4. Disposal of the spent solution.In many plants study, this will be the first question asked by environmental control engineers. A building permit for a new plating plant will not be issued unless the plans provide for

Preparation for Plating

2008-08-07T18:29:00.001-07:00

Cleaning is one of the final steps in preparing a metal surface for plating. Preceding steps of fabrication, stamping, grinding, polishing, buffing, handling and shipping have each contributed to the surface finish and to the soft that must be removed to obtain a satisfactory electroplate.Lyons has summarized the objectives of cleaning

Copper Plating Physical Properties

2008-08-05T01:08:00.000-07:00

Data on the physical, mechanical, and electrical properties of electrodeposited copper were comprehensively reviewed. In the table is describe the ranges for high-strength, hard, lowly stressed, good leveling, or thermally stable electrodeposited copper. The high strength copper was deposited from copper sulfate baths containing triisopropanolamine or molasses and thiourea and in copper cyanide

Molds and Mandrels for Electroforming

2008-07-31T21:14:00.000-07:00

Metallic and nonmetallic materials are used as molds or mandrels for electroforming. Surface passivity characteristics make chromium plated metals useful as metallic mandrels that require neither a surface treatment for providing conductivity nor a separating film for providing ready removal of the electroform. Surface passive metallic mandrels can be used repeatedly without intermediate surface

Equipment for Copper Plating

2008-07-26T17:47:00.000-07:00

Steel tanks lined with rubber or plastic are preferred for large acid copper baths, but glass fiber reinforced plastic tanks are used for small volumes of solution. Lining materials that are generally suitable for either the sulfate or the fluoborate bath are properly formulated natural hard rubber, neoprene rubber, polyethylene, or elasticized vinyl chloride polymers. Air lines can be made of

Avoid Polarization

2008-07-23T02:02:00.001-07:00

To avoid excessive polarization at any anode in the copper sulfate bath, the anode current density should not be more than about 5 A/dm2 in un-agitated baths. With vigorous air agitation, the limiting anode current density is more than 17 A/dm2. The anode current density in an agitated fluoborate bath can be as high as 40 A/dm, and with air agitation, it can be increased to 55 A/dm2 Small

Anode on Copper Plating

2008-07-19T19:43:00.001-07:00

Copper anodes in sulfate fluoborate baths usually become coated with films containing finely divided copper and copper oxide particles. A copper oxide film is believed to cause inter-granular corrosion, which promotes disintegration of surface layer into the copper particles. Some, however, have attributed the films to copper particles formed by the disproportionation of copper (I) ion to copper

Avoid Sandy Deposit

2008-07-14T08:57:00.000-07:00

Between 2 and 35 mg/l chloride is added in the form of hydrochloric acid to electro refining solutions to precipitate silver and avoid and avoid "sandy" deposits. From 30 to 100 mg/l of chloride is recommended for bright copper plating with many modern brighteners. Nitrates were reduced to ammonia at the cathode in copper sulfate baths. A reduction product of the sulfate ion, which is said to

Effects of Impurities (Acid Copper)

2008-07-08T08:41:00.000-07:00

Acid copper baths are more tolerant of ionic impurities than many other plating solutions. Many metallic ions introduced regularly by carryover with the work, by dissolution of impurities in the anode, or by dissolution of the basis metal (for example, iron, nickel, or zinc) can be expected to accumulate in the bath, because conditions are usually not satisfied for effecting co deposition of such

Maintenance and Control on Acid Copper Plating

2008-07-04T01:40:00.001-07:00

The concentration of copper sulfate or copper fluoborate can be approximated by specific gravity measurements, but the contribution of sulfuric acid to the specific gravity of the sulfate bath must be taken into account. The acid concentration of fluoborate bath is controlled by measuring pH, using colorimetric pH papers. The concentration of addition agents is usually controlled by

Operating Condition (Acid Copper Plating)

2008-06-28T20:06:00.000-07:00

Temperature may vary from 18 to 60 oC; however, a temperature between 32 and 43 oC is common, since it can be maintained economically with little or no heating or cooling. An increase in the temperature results in a higher conductivity and reduced anode and cathode polarization. Degreasing the temperature from 35 to 15 oC brought about a considerable grain refinement in plates deposited at 3 A/

Brightening Agents

2008-06-25T06:50:00.000-07:00

Thiourea additions brighten copper deposited from acid sulfate baths. A patent disclosed the use of 0.002 to 0.005 g/l. An appreciable grain-refining and brightening effects of thiourea are attributed to its adsorption in copper deposits and the resulting effect on crystal nucleation.Sulfide ions created when thiourea decomposeds reduce the ductility of copper deposits. Combined with dextrin,

Addition Agents

2008-06-22T02:54:00.001-07:00

Addition agents for brightening, hardening, grain refining, surface smoothing, increasing the limiting current density, and reducing trees are frequently added to the acid copper sulfate bath, but the use of a particular addition must be evaluated for each application, because undesirable characteristics can then be avoided. For example, many of the addition are generally higher when addition